Fundamentals Of Turkısh Private Law (Büyük Boy)

FUNDAMENTALS OF TURKISH PRIVATE LAW



Prof. Dr. Erhan ADAL



PREFACE V

ABBREVIATIONS XIII

ABOUT THE AUTHOR XVII



BOOK ONE

(THE CIVIL LAW)

§ 1. THE CONCEPT OF LAW 1

1. The positive law or applied law 2

2. The enacted law 2

3. Natural law or ideal law 3

4. Objective law, subjective law 4

5. National law, International law 4

6. Substantive law and procedural laws 4

§ 2. DIFFERENT BRANCHES OF LAW 4

I. IN GENERAL 4

II. BRANCHES of PUBLIC LAW 5

1. Constitutional Law 5

2. The Administrative Law 6

3. The Criminal Law 6

4. The Judicial Law 6

a) Constitutional Jurisdiction 6

b) Administrative Jurisdiction 6

c) Military Jurisdiction 7

d) Judicial Jurisdiction 7

5. Public International Law 8

6. Fiscal Law 9

III. BRANCHES OF PRIVATE LAW 9

1. The Civil Law 9

2. The Commercial Law 10

(A) General mode of transportation 11

(B) Water transportation (solely) 12

3. Private International Law / Conflict of Laws 14

IV. MIXED / SUI GENERIS LAW BRANCHES 14

§ 3. SOURCES OF TURKISH LAW 18

I. IN GENERAL 18

1. Static codifications 19

2. Dynamic codifications 19

aa. Codifications aiming at alteration of regime 19

bb. Codifications aiming at alteration of Social and Economic Structure 20

cc. Codifications aiming at International Integration 20

3. Methods used in codification 20

a. Casuistic method 20

b. Abstract method 20

c. Abstract casuistic method 21

II. LEGISLATION 21

1. Generally 21

2. Legislation in the Turkish Legal system 21

3. Main features of Legislation 21

4. Hierarchy of written laws or enacted law 22

(a) the Constitution 22

(b) Codes, Statutes, Acts of Parliament 22

(c) Statutory (Governmental) Decrees 23

(d) International Treaties 23

(e) Regulations 24

(f) Directives (By-laws) 24

(g) Joint-decision of United Chambers of the High Court of Appeals 24

III. CUSTOMARY LAW 24

1. Antiquity 25

2. Continuity 25

3. Popular belief in the quality of a custom (opinio necessitatis) 25

4. State sanction 25

5. Agreement with Statutory Law 26

§ 4. THE CONCEPT OF «SYSTEM OF LAW» 26

I. INTRODUCTION 26

II. THE CIVIL LAW SYSTEM 27

1. Historical Development 27

(A) Roman Law 27

(B) French Law 29

(C) German Law 32

III. THE COMMON LAW SYSTEM 37

1. Sources of law 37

(A) Common Law 38

(B) Case Law 39

C) Statute Law 45

(D) Equity 47

2. Functions of Equity 48

3. Contributions of Equity 48

§ 5. THE TURKISH LEGAL SYSTEM 52

I. INTRODUCTION 52

II. THE RECEPTION OF WESTERN LAW IN TURKEY 54

1) Reception of Law 54

2) Modern reception 55

3) Sources adopted 55

4) General Problems of Reception 56

§ 6. PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS AND SCOPE OF THE CIVIL CODE 59

I. INTRODUCTION 59

II. ARTICLE 1 OF THE CIVIL CODE 60

1) Distinctive features of the Code 61

2) Meaning and scope of Article 1 65

3) Sources of law set forth in article 1 66

III. TYPICAL JUDGEMENTS ON ARTICLE 4 73

1) On the guardianship of persons of full age 74

2) Grounds of Divorce 75

3) Effect of divorce or judicial separation on the chidren of the marriage 76

4) Forfeiture of parental power 76

5) Responsibility of the head of the family 77

6) Compensation for breach of promise of marriage (article 119 CC): 77

7) Determination of damage 78

8) Reduction of penalty taken by the damaged party». 78

IV. TYPICAL JUDGMENTS ON ARTICLE 2 AND 3 (GOOD FAITH) 78

A) In Civil Law areas 81

aa - Family law 81

bb - Law of Inheritance 81

cc - Law of property 82

§ 7. LAW OF PERSONS 85

I. IN GENERAL 85

II. PERSONS AS SUBJECTS OF RIGHTS 86

III. CAPACITY TO ACT 87

1. Definition 87

2. Degree of capacity 87

(a) Full capacity 87

(i) minority 88

(ii) mental sickness 88

(iii) mental weakness 88

(b) Full incapacity 89

(c) Limited capacity 90

IV. RELATIONSHIP/KINDRED 91

1. Concept 91

2. Kinds of relationship 91

(a) Kindred by blood 91

aa - Kindred by parentage 91

bb - Kindred by collateral 92

(b) Kindred by marriage 92

3. Relationship by law (legal relationship) adoption (foster child) 93

§ 8. FAMILY LAW 95

I. CONCEPT 95

II. ENGAGEMENT (BETROTHAL) 95

1) Capacity 96

2) Promise of marriage must come through engaged people 96

3) Non existence of any marriage impediment 96

III. MARRIAGE 98

1. Conditions for a valid marriage 98

a - Mental capacity 98

b - Age 99

c - Non existence of marriage impediments 99

d - Non existence of a period of delay 100

IV. DISSOLUTION OF MARITAL BOND 101

1) Death of one of the parties; 101

2) Annulment of the marriage 102

3) Divorce 104

A) Grounds of divorce 105

(i) Specific grounds of divorce 105

a - Adultery 105

b - Attempts on life, ill usage 106

c - to commit a crime and lead a dishonourable life 106

d - Desertion 107

e - Insanity 107

(ii) General ground of divorce, Rupture of conjugal relations 108

B) Role and function of the judge in a divorce suit: 111

C) Legal consequences of divorce 112

4) Judicial separation 113

§ 9. LAW OF INHERITANCE 114

I. GENERALLY 114

II. INTESTATE SUCCESSION 115

1. Parental System 115

2. Otherpersons who may inherit 119

(a) Illegitimate children 119

(b) Adopted children 120

(c) The surviving spouse (Art. 499 CC). 120

III. TESTATE SUCCESSION 122

1) Wills 122

a) Capacity 122

b) Form 122

aa - The public/authentic or official will 122

bb - The holograph/handwritten will 123

cc - The oral / verbal / nuncupative will 123

2) Contract of inheritance / testamentary pact 124

IV. INTERPRETATION OF DISPOSITIONS MORTIS CAUSA 124

V. RESERVED PORTION 126

1) Descendants 127

2) Parents 127

3) Sisters and brothers 128

VI. METHODS FOR THE LIQUIDATION OF THE DEBTS OF THE DECEASED PERSON 132

1) Common features and historical background 132

2) The French Civil Code System 134

3) The German Civil Code System 137

4) The Anglo American Legal System 140

5) The Swiss - Turkish Civil Code System 142

§ 10. LAW OF PROPERTY 145

I. GENERALLY 145

II. PROPERTY 148

III. OWNERSHIP 149

IV. OWNERSHIP AND POSSESSION 150

1) Scope of ownership 151

(a) Integral parts (components, fixture) 151

(b) Natural fruits 152

(c) Accessories 152

2) Nature and limits of ownership 153

3) Types of Ownership 153

(a) Joint/United ownership (art. 688 CC) 153

aa - Manag